Howard Gardner

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner, Professor of Education at Harvard University. It suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. These intelligences are:

Linguistic intelligence ("word smart")
Logical-mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart")
Spatial intelligence ("picture smart")
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body smart")
Musical intelligence ("music smart")
Interpersonal intelligence ("people smart")
Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart")
Naturalist intelligence ("nature smart")

Dr. Gardner says that our schools and culture focus most of their attention on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence. We esteem the highly articulate or logical people of our culture. However, Dr. Gardner says that we should also place equal attention on individuals who show gifts in the other intelligences: the artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs, and others who enrich the world in which we live. Unfortunately, many children who have these gifts don't receive much reinforcement for them in school. Many of these kids, in fact, end up being labeled "learning disabled," "ADD (attention deficit disorder," or simply underachievers, when their unique ways of thinking and learning aren't addressed by a heavily linguistic or logical-mathematical classroom. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences proposes a major transformation in the way our schools are run. It suggests that teachers be trained to present their lessons in a wide variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, role play, multimedia, field trips, inner reflection, and much more. The good news is that the Theory of Multiple Intelligences has grabbed the attention of many educators around the country. Hundreds of schools are currently using its philosophy to redesign the way it educates children. The bad news is that there are thousands of schools still out there that teach in the same old dull way, through dry lectures, and boring worksheets and textbooks. The challenge is to get this information out to many more teachers, school administrators, and others who work with children, so that each child has the opportunity to learn in ways harmonious with their unique minds.

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences also has strong implications for adult learning and development. Many adults find themselves in jobs that do not make optimal use of their most highly developed intelligences (for example, the highly bodily-kinesthetic individual who is stuck in a linguistic or logical desk-job when he or she would be much happier in a job where they could move around, such as a recreational leader, a forest ranger, or physical therapist). The theory of multiple intelligences gives adults a whole new way to look at their lives, examining potentials that they left behind in their childhood (such as a love for art or drama) but now have the opportunity to develop through courses, hobbies, or other programs of self-development.

Howard Gardner's 8 Intelligences

Each person possesses a spectrum of intelligences that are combined and used in personal ways. Intelligences evolve with development and application.

Verbal Linguistic:
story telling, journaling, pre-reading word
and letter recognition

Musical Rhythmic:
singing, humming, chanting, playing with
instruments,role-play to enact stories and patterns

Logical Mathematical:
puzzles, manipulative, pattern games,
number sequences

Visual Spatial:
painting, drawing, multimedia, visual rich activities

Bodily Kinesthetic:
dance, aerobic exercise, drama, role playing, sculpturing

Naturalist:
outdoor nature collecting, mapping, comparison of natural elements

Intrapersonal:
self paced independent work and exploration, reflection

Interpersonal:
cooperative/partner activities, sharing, explaining, demonstrating

Click here for a printable Multiple Intelligences Matrix